IEEE style adopts a numerical system for referencing. Each source is cited using a number in square brackets within the text.
Watch this short video to learn how to cite journal articles, book chapters, and patents in IEEE style.
| In-text citation | End-of-paper Reference | ||
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| Basic Rules |
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| Examples |
Note: Use et al. when the article has three or more authors. |
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| In-text Citation | End-of-paper Reference | |
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| Basic Format |
... [#]. Lastname [#] ... |
[#] A. Lastname, Title (in italic, Initial Capitalized), Edition (if any), Vol. (if any). Place of publication: Publisher, Year.
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Examples |
It was found that... [1]. Tegmark [1, p. 20] found that... Tanaka and Wang [2] argued that...
It was found that... [3]. |
Cite entire book [1] M. Tegmark, Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. UK: Penguin, 2017. [2] K. Tanaka and H. Wang, Fuzzy Control Systems Design and Analysis: A Linear Matrix Inequality Approach. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2001. Cite one chapter in book [3] G. K. Knopf, "Biological-based optical sensors and transducers," in Opto-mechatronic Systems Handbook: Techniques and Applications, Hyungsuck Cho, Ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2003, pp. 195-210. |
| In-text Citation | End-of-paper Reference | |
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| Basic Format |
... [#]. Lastname [#] ... |
Print: [#] A. Lastname, "Article title," Abbrev. Journal Title / Magazine Title, vol. #, no. #, pp. #, Month Year. Online: [#] A. Lastname, "Article title," Abbrev. Journal Title / Magazine Title, vol. #, no. #, pp. #, Month Year, doi: # (if available). [Online]. Available: URL (if available).
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Example |
It was found that... [1]. Rafferty [1] found that... Li et al. [2] and Boykin [3] argued that... |
Print: [1] W. Rafferty, “Ground antennas in NASA’s deep space telecommunications,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 636-640, May 1994. Online: [2] Y.-H. Lin et al., "A piperidinium salt stabilizes efficient metal-halide perovskite solar cells", Science, vol. 369, no. 6499, pp. 96–102, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1126/science.aba1628. [3] D. Boykin, “The Chatter About AI.” PE Magazine, Mar. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.nspe.org/resources/pe-magazine/spring-2023/the-chatter-about-ai. |
| In-text Citation | End-of-paper Reference | |
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| Basic Format |
... [#]. Lastname [#] ... |
Paper in Conference Proceeding [#] A. Lastname, "Article title," in Abbrev. Name of Conf., City, Country, Month and days (if available), Year, pp. #. Presentation at Conference [#] A. Lastname, "Article title," presented at the Abbrev. Name of Conf., City, Country, Month and days, Year, pp. #. |
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Examples |
It is found ... [1]. Zhao et al. [2] showed that... Liu and Miao [3] found that... |
Paper in Conference Proceeding [1] J. Zhao, G. Sun, G. H. Loh, and Y. Xie, “Energy-efficient GPU design with reconfigurable in-package graphics memory,” in Proc. ACM/IEEE Int. Symp. Low Power Electron. Design (ISLPED), Jul. 2012, pp. 403–408, doi: 10.1145/2333660.2333752. [2] L. Liu and H. Miao, "A specification based approach to testing polymorphic attributes," in Formal Methods and Software Engineering: Proc. of the 6th Int. Conf. on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2004, Seattle, WA, USA, Nov 8-12, 2004, J. Davies, W. Schulte, M. Barnett, Eds. Berlin: Springer, 2004. pp. 306-19. Presentation at Conference [3] D. Caratelli, M. C. Viganó, G. Toso, and P. Angeletti, “Analytical placement technique for sparse arrays,” presented at the 32nd ESA Antenna Workshop, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Oct. 5-8, 2010. |
| In-text Citation | End-of-paper Reference | |
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| Basic Format |
... [#]. Lastname [#] ... |
[#] A. Lastname, "Patent title," Country Patent no.#, Month day, Year. Note: Use "Issued date" if several dates are given. |
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Example |
It was found that... [1]. Tang and Zheng [2] discovered that... |
[1] J. N. Payne, "Vehicle and track system for flying corner amusement park rides," U.S. Patent 7 677 179, Mar. 16, 2010. [2] B. Tang and Z. Zheng, "Fluorescent Probes for Singlet Oxygen Generation and Cancer Ablation," (in Chinese), CN 113454067B, Feb. 21, 2023. |
[1] B. Stollnitz, "How GPT Models Work," Medium. Accessed: Aug. 14, 2023. [Online.] Available: https://towardsdatascience.com/how-gpt-models-work-b5f4517d5b5
[2] D. Butts, "How will ChatGPT and AI transform education? HKUST expects big changes and is already preparing for it," South China Morning Post. (May 21, 2023). Accessed: Aug. 16, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.scmp.com/tech/article/3221151/how-will-chatgpt-and-ai-transform-education-hkust-expects-big-changes-and-already-preparing-it
[3] The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, "Technical Investigation Report on Escalator Incident at Langham Place, Mong Kok," EMSD, Hong Kong, Jun. 9, 2017. Accessed: Jul. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.emsd.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_794/Langham_Technical_Investigation_Report(Eng).pdf
[4] Lex Fridman. Andrew Ng: Deep Learning, Education, and Real-World AI | Lex Fridman Podcast #73. (Feb 21, 2020). Accessed: Aug. 14, 2023. [Online Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jspaMLxBig
[5] Standard Specification for Performance of Materials Used in Medical Face Masks, ASTM Standard F2100-23, Mar. 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.astm.org/f2100-21.html
[6] Antenna Products. (2011). Antcom. Accessed: Jan. 11, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.antcom.com/products
Note: IEEE follows the Force 11 Citation Principles
According to the IEEE Submission and Peer Review Policies -> Guidelines for Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Generated Text
"The use of content generated by artificial intelligence (AI) in an article (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) shall be disclosed in the acknowledgments section of any article submitted to an IEEE publication. The AI system used shall be identified, and specific sections of the article that use AI-generated content shall be identified and accompanied by a brief explanation regarding the level at which the AI system was used to generate the content.
The use of AI systems for editing and grammar enhancement is common practice and, as such, is generally outside the intent of the above policy. In this case, disclosure as noted above is recommended."
We suggest referring to AI-generated content as Software in IEEE style.
